Journal
Why a zinc shortfall is more common than it sounds
Four reference numbers doing four different jobs, the survey data underneath the averages, and why a diet high in who...
Lion's mane and nerve growth factor, told honestly
NGF cannot cross the blood-brain barrier, the compounds are split across two parts of the organism, and no human tria...
L-theanine and sleep: what was actually measured
It is not a sedative and it is not melatonin. The trials that exist measured sleep efficiency rather than sleep onset...
How long a supplement actually takes
Two clocks, not one: half-life arithmetic on one side, tissue turnover on the other. Why some things act in an hour, ...
B12 and the nervous system: the absorption chain, and who actually runs short
Two enzymes, one unreasonably long absorption chain, and the honest limit — the trial that lowered homocysteine for t...
Alpha-GPC in the sports research: force, power and growth hormone
The exercise literature is a separate body of work from the cognition research: five studies, none above fifty people...
Why zinc is in a focus formula
An essential mineral at 15 mg rather than a megadose: the reference figures, the copper problem at sustained high int...
What acetylcholine does, and why choline sits upstream of it
The first neurotransmitter ever identified, how the body builds it from dietary choline, and why the form of choline ...
What a proprietary blend actually hides
The rule that lets a label declare one combined weight instead of six amounts, the fair argument for using it, and th...
What a certificate of analysis actually tells you
Identity, potency, heavy metals, microbials and residual solvents — plus the four fields that separate a lot-specific...
Serving size is the number everything else is quoted against
Two products can print the same milligrams while one serves four capsules and the other two. The five-step arithmetic...
Methylcobalamin and cyanocobalamin: what the difference is and when it matters
One form occurs in human cells and one is a manufacturing artifact. What the chemistry establishes, what no trial has...
Why L-theanine and caffeine are so often taken together
Tea carries both compounds in one cup. This is what has been measured about the pairing in healthy adults, which two ...
How to read a Supplement Facts panel, in the order that matters
Serving size, the dagger footnote, the parentheses and the line beneath the box — the order to read a panel in, and t...
Capsule, gummy or powder: what each format can physically carry
The payload arithmetic behind every format decision — capsule volumes, the gummy ceiling, hygroscopic actives and des...
The one number to look for on a mushroom supplement
Beta-glucans against “polysaccharides”, why grain travels with mycelium, what an 8:1 extract ratio does not settle, a...
What is Alpha-GPC?
Alpha-GPC — full name L-alpha-glycerylphosphorylcholine — is a form of choline. Choline is an essential nutrient the ...
Alpha-GPC vs choline bitartrate: what's the actual difference?
They are both choline. The difference is what the research shows and what they cost. Choline bitartrate Choline boun...
How much alpha-GPC did the research use, and in whom?
The honest answer depends entirely on who was being studied, and that distinction gets lost more often than it should...
What does “100% fruiting body” mean on a lion's mane label?
The phrase "fruiting body" tells you which part of the mushroom is in the jar, and it is one of the few specs on a mu...